Friday, May 31, 2019

Principles of Good Policing: Avoiding Violence Between Police and Citiz

Thesis Statement police discretion is the framework for promoting justice in police-citizen interactions in the profession sector.Police officers face a myriad of challenges in their line of duty. Most cases necessitate sound decisions to settle disputes amicably. When they apply discretion in an incoherent manner, they whitethorn end up abusing human rights. Therefore, they apply it when dealing with legal sanctions such as making arrests, giving out a ticket and stopping the anger party. Miller, Blackler and Alexandra (2006) state police are specialized role players who preserve order and enforce the law (p. 11). Sometimes, vagueness results when communities fail to engage in a consensus to streamline the issues that implant criminal behavior law. Communities and legislatures trust the police officers capacity to exercise discretion.The Ride and Purpose of the PaperThe purpose of the paper is to identify who the police on guard stop on the roads. It will also examine the cause of police confrontation with citizens, and how this influences and affects their work. What is more, it will analyze the forces that the police use to arrest the culprits in galore(postnominal) cases. It will act as an examination of the importance of officers discretion while on patrol. Views on DiscretionMany people interpret police activities from pre-conceived ideas because they run across away from the citizens view. The privacy creates a circumstance that allows police officers discretion in the way they react and handle citizens that breach the law. The research community tries to investigate the issues that restore the police officers conduct while responding to citizens woes and their interaction with them. The gap that exists in... ...oals due to the environments needs that require rapid response. When they enforce discretion properly, they respond to margin situations in the scoop out way possible. However, if they fail to control it, they may infringe the constituti onal provisions. Dempsey and Forst (2013) state one of the ways of controlling discretion, particularly the improper application of discretion is by the establishment of employee early warning systems (49). Proper discretion is a sure way of restoring sanity in the traffic system owing to its accrued discipline.ReferencesDempsey, J. S, & Forst, L. S. (2008). An installation to Policing. Belmont, CA Thomson/Wadsworth.Dempsey, J. S, & Forst, L. S. (2013). Police. Clifton Park, NY Delmar Cengage Learning.Miller, S, Blackler, J, & Alexandra, A. (2006). Police Ethics. Crows Nest, N.S.W Allen & Unwin.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Transfer of Personal Data to a Third Country :: Safe Harbor Agreement Human Rights Essays

Transfer of Personal Data to a Third Country I. entrance1.) An old issue, growing in importanceSearching the web, one can see that privacy on the Internet is a bigissue. Countless US or EU based human rights initiatives are fightingfor the right to privacy. What is the reason for this?Although concerns about consumers ability to protect their privacyhave been in worldly concern for decades, the Internet makes the issue moredelicate Businesses have access to a larger audience, which allowsthem to collect more data from more people. Furthermore, collection ofmore ad hoc behavioural information is possible attaching cookies toa hard drive, reporting which websites someone enters.1 In addition,data collection and storage having become much easier, faster andcheaper, toll concerns do not limit data-collection practices.2At the same time, the market for information about consumers andconsumer behaviour is continuously growing, side by side with theexpansion of e-commerce.2.) interpret ation of the issuePrivacy can be defined as the right of the individual to be protectedagainst intrusion into his personal life or affairs, or those of hisfamily, by direct physical means or by publication of information.3This paper will focus pu commit on information privacy, also cognise asdata breastplate, which means the rules governing the collection andhandling of personal data such as a persons name, address, phonenumber, family status, social security measure or other identification numberor even medical, financial or government records. Data protectionconcerns the process of gathering, storing, analysis and distributionof personal data. Privacy issues can be divided into relations withthe public sector and with the private sector.4 In this paper, Iwill concentrate on the private sector, curiously relevant because ofthe growing importance of e-commerce.3.) Fundamentally different approaches in the US and the EUEurope and the US have very different approaches to data prot ectionand privacy. In 250 years, nations on each side of the Atlantic haveevolved their democracies into distinct forms of society and marketeconomy. Differences in culture, policies and society are theconsequence.a.) Government Interference vs. Self-RegulationAs discussed in seminar one, there is an ongoing dispute regarding theapproach in choosing an apt legal framework for the public andtransnational sphere of cyberspace Some scholars pauperization governments tointerfere as little as possible, others see the need for a unifiedlegal framework. It seems that, concerning the privacy issue, the EUhas chosen the latter option, by oblige a comprehensive, general lawgoverning the collection, use and dissemination of data by public andprivate sector, whose enforcement is assured by an oversight body. TheUS tends to rely on sectoral laws, and on self-regulation for the

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Religion and Reference: Reference Service Problems Essay example -- E

Religion and Reference Reference Service ProblemsAbstract The topic of religion muckle lead to librarian/patron confrontation at the part desk. This problem can result equally from the over-zealousness of the religious librarian or the disdain of the anti-religious librarian. closely of the discussion on this topic revolves, either explicitly or implicitly, around the ALAs Library Bill of Rights and Code of Ethics. This article looks at these documents as they uphold to reference service. Then it surveys the discussion about this issue from both secular and religious sources, dividing those sources into categories of those that agree in principle with the ALA and those that disagree with the ALA in principle.IntroductionIf you want to be popular at dinner parties never discuss politics or religion. The problem with the theory is that politics and religion are the two study methods of socialization. Therefore, people can be expected to have strong opinions on these topics. Since society is not heterogeneous with respect to either of the two, interaction problems can occur. In the library one major area of conflict that can occur is at the reference desk. In this case the problem can result from the feelings of the librarian, the patron, or both. This paper will concentrate on the problems that arise from religious opinions.American Library AssociationThe American Library Association has shown a deep preserve for the rights of patrons and the relationship between patrons and librarians in the creation of its Library Bill of Rights and Code of Ethics. This paper will review both documents with respect to their impact on reference librarian professional ethics. All materials discussed in ... ...c library practice(pp. 185-191). Portland, OR Portland University Press.Smith, G. A. (2000). A philosophy of Christian librarianship. The Christian Librarian,43 (2), 46-51, 58-59.Smith, G. A. (2002a). Afterword The future of Christian libra rianship. In G. A. Smith (Ed.), Christian librarianship Essays on the integration of faith and profession(pp. 201-204). Jefferson, NC McFarland.Smith, G. A. (2002b). The core virtue of Christian librarianship. The ChristianLibrarian, 45 (2), 46-51.United Nations General Assembly. (1948). Universal resolving of Human Rights.Retrieved May 16, 2004, from http//www.un.org/Overview/rights.html.Wengert, R. G. (2001). Some ethical aspects of being an informational professional.Library Trends, 49, 486-509. Retrieved May 2, 2004, from the Library Literature(via Wilson Web) database.

Juvenile Bootcamps Essay -- Teens History Boot Camp Essays

Boot tent is an alternative to incarceration. In this paper I allow for prove that Boot Camps for unseasoned offenders are effective. Boot camps started in the year 1888 by Warden Zebulon Brockway at the Elmira Reformatory located in Elmira, New York. The warden did this because he wanted to invoke a new-fangled way of disciplining and keeping the inmates active. The reasoning that this style of imprisonment worked was because there were virtually no prison guards which saved thousands of dollars. Another reason that it worked was because the men would work day and night producing quality goods that were much less then the competitors. Yates Law prohibited the inmates from competing in the open market which eventually lead to the end of the military handle structure. Another reason for and end of this type of incarceration was due to World War I. Prior to the war local citizens were invited to the facility to witness the military resembling drills and ceremonies. As soon as th e war ended the people didnt like the military which shut down the program.The United States Army used grassroots training to rehabilitate soldiers who committed crimes. They used this system because prisons were overcrowded and very expensive. This way reduced the cost and allowed the return of 42,000 soldiers into active duty.In 1965 shock incarceration was veritable in Ohio. This was an attempt to shock inmates by making them think twice about what they were going to do. The length the incarceration was on for 90-180 days. An analysis of the program in Ohio proved to be successful. There was a 130 percent less recidivism then those with prior records.In Kentucky they had the highest rates of rearrest, reconviction and the return to prison. There reincarceration rare was just 21.4 percent. This was consistent with the finking form other shock probation programs that were heralded as effective (Vito and Ellis). The First Juvenile boot camp was established in 1985 in siege of Orl eans Parish, Louisiana. The kids who were accepted into boot camps were between the ages of 17-26 and the offence had to be one that was nonviolent or less then one first degree offense. Boot camp incorporates military drill and ceremonies and physical training. After care is now one of the steps in a successful program. Most states now believe that crowd counseling are vital for the inmates succ... ... graduates of boot camps and the recidivism rate was at 21 percent but the prison rate is at 34 percent. This seems to be the pick out when wanting to help and lower the rate of recidivism. Proper aftercare and close monitoring will in fact help these disruptive teens as you can demonstrate by the number stated above.The future of boot camps as well as shock incarceration will grow because of their success. My feeling is that if one troubled teen is helped then it is all worth while. Why stop trying to help if the majority is not willing to change but if that one will work hard an d follow what they have learned in the boot camps then we should continue what were are doing. ReferencesAnderson, J. , Burns, J. , & Dyson, L. , (1999). Boot Camps An Intermediate Sanction. New York University Press of America.Hebert, E. , & MacKenzie, D. , (Eds.). (1996). punitive Boot Cmaps A Tough Intermediate Sanction. New York Russel.Vito, G. F. And Ellis, J. (1985). An offender-based tacking system study of three districts in the commonwealth of Kentucky Research Report Series none 4). Louisville, KY University of Louisville, College of Urban And Public Affairs.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

The New Deal :: essays research papers

The New Deal"How well did the New Deal competitiveness the Depression?" I think that theanswer to this question is that it did very well and I would give it a grade ofan A.When Roosevelt took office, in 1933, he had three goals in mind, to savethe banks, save the people, and to rebuild the economy. He set his sights onreturning the banks to their prosperous days of the pre-depression age.     Since the beginning of the Depression, banks were closing faster thanthe people could withdraw entirely of their money. He countered this by closing allthe banks and had Congress pass an Emergency Banking Act that made federal loansavailable to private bankers. At the same succession he passed an Economy Act thatrequired the brass to balance the budget. These helped ease the financialproblems throughout the nation and then he began to restructure the bankingsystem with much(prenominal) acts as The Glass-Stegall Act and the creation of the FederalDeposit Insuranc e Corporation. He also set up the Securities Act and thesecurities Exchange Act that were overdue regulations for the parentage Market. Inorder to enforce all these new acts, he started the Securities and ExchangeCommission. These actions got the banks and the financial system started in theright direction of what would be a boring recovery process.     Roosevelts next objective was to take care of the people. ThoughRoosevelt was a conservative, he realized the extreme need to help the poor. Hehad Congress do promptly, and established the Federal Emergency ReliefAdministration that gave $500 million in relief to the poor people of thecountry. Roosevelt then went on to create organizations that would run jobsand a sense of self-esteem to the unemployed of the country. One of theseorganizations was the Civilian Conservation Corps that provided young men withjobs to improved the environment. They had such jobs as planting trees and luck to stop erosion. Another g overnment activity was the Civil WorksAdministration that paid unemployed people $15 a week to perform governmentprojects. Many people during this time were also in jeopardy of losing theirhomes. To this, Roosevelt established the Homeowners loan Corporation thatallowed people to restructure or take out another(prenominal) mortgages on their homes. Hisensuing step was to rebuild the economy.     Roosevelt felt that recovery would not only come from relief efforts,but also with the cooperation from agriculture and industrial groups. plausiblythe most significant acts by him and Congress were the Agricultural Adjustment

The New Deal :: essays research papers

The New Deal"How well did the New Deal combat the Depression?" I think that theanswer to this question is that it did very well and I would give it a grade ofan A.When Roosevelt took office, in 1933, he had three goals in mind, to savethe banks, save the people, and to rebuild the economy. He set his sights onreturning the banks to their friendly days of the pre-depression age.     Since the beginning of the Depression, banks were closing faster thanthe people could withdraw all of their money. He countered this by closing allthe banks and had Congress pass an Emergency Banking execute that made federal impartsavailable to private bankers. At the same time he passed an Economy Act thatrequired the government to balance the budget. These helped ease the pecuniaryproblems throughout the nation and then he began to restructure the bankingsystem with such acts as The Glass-Stegall Act and the creation of the FederalDeposit Insurance Corporation. He too s et up the Securities Act and thesecurities Exchange Act that were overdue regulations for the Stock Market. Inorder to enforce all these new acts, he started the Securities and ExchangeCommission. These actions got the banks and the monetary system started in theright direction of what would be a slow recovery process.     Roosevelts next objective was to take care of the people. ThoughRoosevelt was a conservative, he realized the extreme need to help the poor. Hehad Congress respond promptly, and established the Federal Emergency ReliefAdministration that gave $500 million in relief to the poor people of thecountry. Roosevelt then went on to create organizations that would offer jobsand a sense of self-esteem to the unemployed of the country. One of theseorganizations was the Civilian Conservation corps that provided young men withjobs to improved the environment. They had such jobs as planting trees andhelping to stop erosion. Another government activity was t he Civil WorksAdministration that remunerative unemployed people $15 a week to perform governmentprojects. Many people during this time were also in jeopardy of losing theirhomes. To this, Roosevelt established the Homeowners loan Corporation thatallowed people to restructure or take out another mortgages on their homes. Hisensuing step was to rebuild the economy.     Roosevelt felt that recovery would not altogether come from relief efforts,but also with the cooperation from agriculture and industrial groups. Probablythe most significant acts by him and Congress were the Agricultural Adjustment

Monday, May 27, 2019

Appendix a – Meditation Worksheet

Appendix A meditation Worksheet Veronica P. Sally-Garner PSY/211 ESSENTIALS OF PSYCHOLOGY Thursday, October 20, 2011 Instructor Terry Browning Appendix A Meditation Worksheet Directions Locate two resources on the Internet that explain guess techniques. Copy and paste the web address into the top of the matrix. After reviewing the website, provide a brief summary for each source. Below your summary, number two interesting facts you learned from each site. Try the techniques you located in your Internet search. Provide a brief description of what sinked in your experience.Be sure to answer the two questions below the matrix also. Web Address (URL) http//bestmeditationtechniques. org/the-basics-of-meditation http//www. mum. edu/meditation. html? gclid=CKOsutyS-KsCFQ1U7Aod9HlUKw Summary of resource Things happen so quickly in this fast-paced world. Decisions are made without thought. This could cause nervous strain to build and affect the way people push-down store with life. Eve ryone needs to spot and take a few minutes to calm down. So if life is stressing you out, its time to slow down. Meditation can help relieve stress and worries.The pull of meditation is a way to be still for a while and let our minds become focused until we become calm enough to deal with the daily pressures of life. Mediation can mean different things to different people. Mediation can be defined in three main types focused attention- concentration, kick in monitoring-contemplation, and automatic self-transcending the Transcendental Mediation Program. Transcendental Meditation also known as TM. TM is the most widely practiced, most researched, and most effective rule of self-development mediation technique. Two interestingFacts 1. Meditation can improve Concentration. Two commonly used exercises are Mantra a phrase or a sound that is recited repeatedlyBreathing achieved by inhaling through the nose, letting the diaphragm (not the chest) expand and exhaling through the mout h 2. Breathing is an integral part of meditation. Proper breathing is required in many practices of meditation and is therefore an important tool to be possessed by people who wish to mediate. The practice of proper breathing while meditating slows down a someones heart rate which leads to a relaxed mood.While this may sound easy, it can be quite challenging when done for the first time. 1. Transcendental Meditation is the most popular technique. It is practiced by people of all ages, cultures, and religions. More than five million people worldwide practice this simple, natural technique. 2. People who practice Transcendental Meditation find themselves more alert, calmer, more energetic, dynamic, yet somehow wiser, as if you have a broader perspective on their daily activities and experiences. What happened after you essay each technique? After trying each technique one should feel relaxed and a sense of heighten awareness.Meditation helps the mind become less(prenominal) distr acted. After trying Transcendental Meditation one should have more confidence and higher self esteem. 1. Do you think meditation leads to heightened sensation and sensing? Explain why or why not. - Mediation can lead to heightened sensation and perception. Each is different but - complements each other. Sensation is the process by which we sense through touch, smell, - sight, taste and smell.Perception is our way of interpreting what these sensations mean and - how to make sense of it. 2. Have you considered integrating meditation into your own lifestyle? If so, list one strategy for fitting meditation into your schedule. If not, explain why. - I have integrated meditation into my personal lifestyle with physical exercise. Physical - exercise promotes boilers suit fitness, helps manage emotional stress and relieves tension.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Marketing Principles Essay

It is very important that an organization considers its environment before beginning the marketing process A marketing environmental analysis helps a byplay understand external forces that can affect it. The environment, or external forces, are often factors that a business cannot control, yet it is important to be aware of environmental concerns when preparing a marketing plan or introducing a new product to the market. The most common rule for preparing a marketing environmental analysis is to conduct a PESTLE analysis, which stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental. This covers all areas affecting a business.Political The first component part of a PEST analysis is a study of political factors. Political factors are factors connected with the government and its activities. Politics affect organisations because governments introduces rules and regulations that organisations and their customers lease to abide by. EconomicThe plump for elemen t of a PEST analysis involves a study of economic factors. All businesses are affected by national and global economic factors. case and global interest rate and fiscal policy will be set around economic conditions. The climate of the economy dictates how consumers, suppliers and other organisational stakeholders such as suppliers and creditors behave within society. SocialThe third aspect of PEST Social is about forces within society such as family, friends, colleagues, neighbours and the media. Social forces affect our attitudes, interests and opinions. These forces physical body who we are as people, the way we behave and ultimately what we purchase. For example within the UK peoples attitudes are changing towards their diet and health. TechnologicalThe fourth element of PEST is technology, as you are probably aware technological advances have greatly changed the manner in which businesses operate. Organisations use technology in many ways, they have -Technology infrastructure such as the internet and telephone

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Media Policy

The issue of coming step forward versus staying in the closet is one that has the potential to provide a news media organization with a large amount of readership or viewer-ship because of the still novel aspect of the situation. America is quickly becoming a more liberal society, yet the conservatism at bottom the country is still high. While some spate have pushed the envelope of conservatism, still a lot struggle with the idea of challenging traditions because of the many consequences that realize such a decision.The idea of being homophile(prenominal) (gay or lesbian) within American society still carries with it a stigma that many try to avoid. The main(prenominal) reasons for the avoidance of this stigma argon the attention that such a life-style depart bring to those who go away it and the possibility of overt protest against such a lifestyle by activist or religious groups. Therefore, the coming out of a homo versed provides news that the public is highly interest ed in, and the developments that often espouse such a declaration are as well highly news worthy. Since it is the business of this media house to provide information to the public that it finds interesting and seminal, it is therefore the indemnity of this organization to aim to be the first at announcing the coming out of individual homo knowledgeables.The information regarding the lifestyles in which people choose to engage is often considered by critics of the media as personal and not as the business of the public. However, the American public has consistently identified what it considers its own business through its attention to the details of the lives of many individuals. In fact, the public has demonstrated its commitment to learning such news through its active awareness of televised news programs, feature stories on the internet, and its paid subscription to issue media of varying take aims of credibility.Unlike some media houses of lower credibility status, this medi a house is dedicated to providing the truth about the lives of any individual labeled as coming out of the homosexual closet. This media house takes this cause of claim very seriously and is held to a high take aim of integrity in providing proofs of any claims made to such effect. In this way, the specialness and concern of the public regarding such matters will be satisfied not with lies and fabrications, but with factual accounts of very real and troubling issues.The media as an industry is not just a group of organizations that provide an update or commentary on the things that take place in our society. Rather, its role encompasses that of creating cultural artifacts and historical records of the socio-cultural metabolic process of a particular society over time (Gauntlett 115-6).Without this record, anthropologists who study a contactn era are at a loss when trying to bundle up an accurate account of the cultural practices within a given society. Homosexuality is an integ ral part of the social practices of many Americans today, and fear or an inordinate level of concern for privacy often pushes people into a mode of overprotection of such lifestyles. The role of the media is to effectively uncover such practices by aiding these persons in make their lifestyles and sexual preferences known to the public and therefore to posterity.Statistical considerations too prompt the media to engage in practices that out homosexuals who would otherwise remain hidden. Many reasons exist why statistical bodies seek out demographical data that will give the percentage of homosexuals within a given district or in the country itself. Such measures as the creative capital level of a town use data concerning the gay population as integral factors for calculation (Florida, 41).Such measures help gauge the leeway level of certain regions, cities, or towns. In fact, it is often in the interest of even the homosexuals themselves to come out, as it increases the confidence level of others like themselves who want to live their lives out in the commit and refrain from hiding. Yet, homosexuals who decide to keep their lifestyles in the closet succeed only in skewing the statistical data, resulting in the underestimation of the level of homosexual practice in a given region. This media house is committed to playing a role in this by encouraging, prompting, or otherwise effecting the open acknowledgement of the true level of homosexuality within a given area.The role of the media as an announcer of the coming out of certain homosexuals is one that succeeds also in helping such persons to liberate themselves from a confining public image that, in effect, adversely affects their lifestyle. Homosexuals who remain in the closet tend to have redundant burdens placed upon them, which the media should consider its humanitarian duty to remove. Such persons are unable to proclaim their love in the open.They are unable publicly to perform sincere actions, such as holding hands or kissing, which demonstrate their feelings toward their significant other. It is often the case that such persons want desperately to rid themselves of these confinements and reveal their sexual preferences to the world. However, they lack the courage or the nerve to stand up and make the declaration themselves. The media therefore provides a service to many of these persons by performing the repellent act of coming out for them, so that they may begin their enjoyment of life openly professing and living what they indeed are in private.The media also plays a role that publicizes the lifestyle of homosexuals far beyond the borders of influence than they themselves would have been able to proclaim it. Public knowledge of the true proportion of the population that desires such a lifestyle provides in turn an impetus for changes in the legal structure of society that would facilitate such lifestyles. In other words, if enough homosexuals standard forward and come ou t, they may even get the legal recognition they desire.The media therefore facilitates not just the open lifestyle of such persons, but also justification and recognition of such a lifestyle so that they may be more able to live fulfilling life that contains all the accessories that make life fulfilling for heterosexuals. The role of the media in helping these persons come out will broadcast the view that such a lifestyle is legitimate. This is likely to prompt legislation that will allow such persons to marry, adopt children, and perform other partnership roles once available only to heterosexuals (Vargo, 114).Critics of the media are likely to cite the observation that the tell of lifestyle practices of homosexual should be left to their discretion. However, it is often the discretion of these persons that lead to the media finding out about their lifestyles in the first place. Furthermore, the media is also involved in publicizing romantic details about the lives of heterosexual smainly those persons such as public servants and entertainment personalities who live a large portion of their lives in the limelight.Since such stories are the domain of the media, then other very similar stories involving the coming out of homosexuals are also considered to lie within the jurisdiction of the media. It is often the case that people are opposed to things only when they affect them personally, and this double standard ought to be avoided. Since a large proportion of Americans show themselves interested enough in this type of material to purchase magazines, then the media should consider it a duty to provide that material.It should be considered the perpetual policy of the media to continue to provide information to the public regarding the sexual status of the individuals who live within its domain. The efforts made by the media to out these personalities are beneficial not only to the individuals themselves, but to anthropologists and sociologists of posterity who may seek to date the socio-cultural practices of persons of this era.The actions of the media concerning the state of homosexuality in a given area are also beneficial to historians, who are likely to consult the media as cultural artifacts that give insight into the synchronic and diachronic development of certain comerences of note in a given time. The media should be active in publicizing the coming out of homosexuals because of its role in informing the public and in legitimizing the homosexual lifestyle in a manner that is likely to lead up to the legalization of activities that occur in connection with it.Work CitedFlorida, Richard. The Rise of the Creative Class and How Its Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. Cambridge Basic Books, 2002.Gauntlett, David. Media, Gender and Identity An Introduction. New York Routledge, 2002.Vargo, Marc E. Acts of Disclosure The Coming step to the fore Process of Contemporary Gay Men. Birmingham Haworth Press, 1998.

Friday, May 24, 2019

“An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge” By Ambrose Bierce Essay

Naturalism is often perceived as a form of writing which is blunt because of the notifydor that writers used in approaching the subject. However, while naturalism is known to employ detailed realism in describing its subjects it necessarily follows that characterization becomes a critical process where the reader is precondition the benefit of making a conclusion as to how a particular character is characterized. In effect, naturalism merely generates the facts for the reader to base his/her conclusion on.In this light, the main character in Ambrose Bierce short story, An Occurrence at Owl Creek straddle, Peyton Furquhar is given flesh and blood using naturalist elements of description, association, and tatty back. Description is a device that could be perceived as naturalist because it is through and through this that the writer is able to give a matter-of-factly picture of the character and in the short story, such device works to initially present the apparent(prenominal) cha racteristics of the main character. For instance, in the line, Peyton Farquhar was a wholesome-to-do planter, of an old and highly respected aluminium family. (Bierce, 2010) no further suppositions can be made except for what is being stated that the wizard is well to do, is in agriculture, and has integrity in that he is a well respected member of a known family. Obviously, in these lines, the writer does not have any intention of creating other subjective interpretations instead he simply states what is superficially apparent. In another line from the story, her husband approached the dusty horseman and inquired eagerly for news from the front. (Bierce, 2010) still referring to the protagonist, the indite again reveals another superficial personality that being the eagerness of the protagonist for news, in fact this particular characterization is stated in the same line to avoid further misjudgments. tie-in is also used in the story to indirectly characterize the character by uncover apparent unrelated events or situations. This is consistent with naturalism where the environs and social circumstances can work to influence a particular character or an event. In the lines, Evidently this was no vulgar assassin.The liberal forces code makes provision for hanging many kinds of persons, and gentlemen are not excluded. (Bierce, 2010) succeeding a lengthy description of the physical attributes of the protagonist, the writer, by association, suggests that the protagonist was being penalize unjustly. Further analysis of this line would reveal that another association comes to mind that the character belongs to the middle or the upper class. So, even without the physical descriptions, one can easily associate the mitigating circumstances to the actual character of the protagonist.Another such example is found in the lines, To be hanged and drowned, he thought? that is not so bad but I do not wish to be shot. No I will not be shot that is not fair. (Bierce, 2010) here, the author reveals a side to the character of the protagonist determined by his chosen method of death being shot during this period was an undignified way of anxious(p) as it was indicative of the gravity of the fault of the one being executed. Shooting was also done while the victim had his back on the shooters which all the more(prenominal) makes it quite humiliating and degrading.So, this particular line characterizes the protagonist, through external circumstances, as someone who has a reputation that he protects and would not want to be tarnished. opposite than just association, reminiscing and flash back are also tools in naturalism that may be employed to characterize a character. Flash back is when the protagonist draws from past experiences or recalls certain social elements that are not in effect at the period the story is being told, and these elements can reveal overmuch about the character and even affirm the actions of the character.So, in the lines, By diving I could evade the bullets and, swimming vigorously, reach the bank, take to the woods and get external home. My home, thank God, is as yet outside their lines my wife and little ones are still beyond the invaders farthest advance. (Bierce, 2010) the author paints the character to be someone who is deeply concerned of his family that even in his direst moments, as guards were shooting at him from the riverbank, he still had thoughts of his home intact, which he verily recalled consequently revealing this particular aspect of his personality.Again, this same naturalistic device is used in the lines, He must have traveled the entire night. As he pushes outdoors the gate and passes up the wide white walk, he sees a flutter of female garments his wife, looking fresh and cool and sweet, steps down from the veranda to picture him. (Bierce, 2010) where a sexual nature is revealed in the scenes that the protagonist recalls. Here, other than just revealing that the character i s a homely and family person, the stark description of the garments as well as the scent of the wife are consistent with a subliminal description which points to the sexual desires of the character.In the story, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Bierce effectively gives his character life notwithstanding his turning up dead in the end, by using certain elements of naturalist and realist literature. Here one sees that through superficial and candid description, association of environmental and social circumstances, as well as the recall or reminiscing of past circumstances, the personality, attitude, and character of the protagonist becomes more pictural and believable. References Bierce, A. (2010). An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge. Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http//fiction. eserver. org/short/occurrence_at_owl_creek. html

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Obesity Amongst Mexican Children Essay

Abstract The prevalence of weighed down children in the linked States of Mexican descent is high for secondly coevals than their first contemporaries counterparts. First multiplication immigrants tend to keep a wellnessier lifestyle by consuming to a greater extent(prenominal) fresh fruits and vegetables, walking longer distances and smoking slight than the more acculturated Mexican-Americans. refinement is a major contributing factor break through for the alarming rank of corpulency within Mexican children.When children of Mexican immigrants argon exposed to American society, they develop icteric habits such(prenominal) as eat pizza and hot dogs during school lunch hours, access to vending machines, and media exposure where they ar constantly bombarded with intellectual nourishment colligate commercials of unhealthy nature. A impoverisheder socio-economic status, such as the recently immigrated p bents, is besides a contributing factor for obesity within Mexica n children. elevated calorie and high fat content pabulums tend to be less(prenominal)(prenominal) expensive than fresh fruits and fresh vegetables, leading to poorer, unhealthier choices. Fast nutriment chains are prohibitory expensive in Mexico, whereas in the US they are not. As young Mexican children develop their sense of identity while they separate from their parents or caregivers and seek acceptance from their American peers, they integrate themselves into the spry sustenance culture leading to obesity amongst Mexican-American children of second generation in the US.The incidence of obesity in Mexican adults has increased markedly over the years. Data from the 1993 National Survey of Chronic Diseases (Encuesta Nacional de Enfermedades Cronicas) showed an obesity prevalence of 21. 5%. The 2000 National wellness Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Salud) indicated that 24% of adults suffered obesity. Data from the 2006 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2006) revealed that 30% of adults of some(prenominal) sexes were obese.(Rojas,R, Aguilar-Salinas, C. , Jimenez, A. , Gomez, F. , Barquera, S. , 2012, p. 8) In the last two decades, the prevalence of childhood obesity, defined as at or above the 95th partile of body mass index (BMI) for age and gender (Center for Disease go steady, 2009), has more than doubled among children aged 611 years and tripled among adolescents aged 1219 years, and here is no evidence that this prune is coming to an end (Ogden, 2002).This is a serious public health advert because obese children and adolescents are at an increased guess for various personal, mental, and emotional health problems, including impaired glucose tolerance , insulin resistance, atherosclerosis , coronary heart disease in adulthood , development of eating disorders, and low self-esteem (Seo, D. & Sa, J. , 2009).The obesity pestilent disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minority children, who are defined as American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian American, Black, African American, Latino, Latino, Native Hawaiian, or OBESITY AMONGST Mexican CHILDREN be FIRST GENERATION Mexican CHILDREN 3 more attached TO OBESITY THAN THEIR consequence GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? other Pacific Islander (CDC, 2009). According to estimates based on the 20012002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), among children aged 619 years, 22. 2% of Mexican American children and 20.5% of non-Hispanic Blacks were obese as compared with only 13. 6% of non-Hispanic whites. Other studies performed by Ogden and colleagues (2002) also affirm a larger prevalence of obesity among Mexican American and Black children compared with white children. These rates of obesity are far from the 2010 national health objective of Healthy People 2010. The high incidence of obesity among minority children is alarming because these racial/ethnic groups have a lower insulin sensitivity than white children (Seo, D, & Sa, J. 2009).Obesity is an epidemi c facing millions of tribe across the globe, rooting in more than 300,000 deaths in the United States alone (Dishman, 2004). Historically, the majority of people affected by obesity were adults. However, in the last decade this epidemic has spread to our youth. Excess weight in U. S. children has increased in prevalence and has become a serious public health concern. Currently, roughly 33% of children ages 25 in the U. S. are overweight (BMI in the 85th percentile or above), and 12% are considered obese (BMI in the 95th percentile or above) (CDC, 2009).Overweight children have a 7080% chance of becoming overweight or obese adults, which may lead to an increase in obesity related disease among adults (United States Department of Human Health and service, 2007). Obesity is one of the leading risk factors for disease and fatal health conditions, such as hypertension, subject II diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea and respirato ry problems, and some cancers (CDC, 2009). Not only is obesity linked to clinical conditions, but it may also lead to mental health problems such as self-blame and low self-esteem ( Haboush, A., Phebus, T. , Tanata Ashby, D. , Zaikina-Montgomery, H. , & Kindig, K. , 2011).This paper will focus on the contributing factors for the alarming obesity rates amongst Mexican children. be second generation Mexican children more prone to obesity than their first generation counterparts? Mexican immigrant parents normally dont sen condemnationnt obesity as a threatening health issue. In fact, some research reports that Mexican mothers see childhood obesity as a contract of adept heath (Rosas et al. ) and thinness as a sigh of illness (Sosa, 2012).Acculturation, or the process of adjusting to a new culture, describes brotherly, psychological, and behavioral changes that an someone undergoes as result of immigration (Buttenheim, A. , Pebley, A. , Hsih, K. , Chung, C. , Goldman, N. , 2012). The drastic changes in lifestyle and social interactions that immigrants encounter upon arriving to the United States often put them at risk for negative health consequences (Ogden et al. , 2009).Of the negative health outcomes associated with OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 4 MORE disposed TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? socialisation in Mexican children, obesity is significant because it has implications for development of chronic diseases such as heart disease and Type II Diabetes (CDC, 2009). Mexican children are at increased risk for obesity upon immigration to the United States and are predisposed to development of chronic diseases,(Buscemi, J. , Beech, B. , & Relyea, G. , 2011). Mexican American mothers views on obesity, 40% of mothers with overweight children did not identify overweight as a health issue (Ariza et al. , 2004).When weight was used as an indicator of health, parents were more concerned with the hea lth of skinny children than overweight children. Mexican American mothers were concerned with having thin children because a thin child could become sick and die (Small, L. , Melnyk, B. , Anderson-Gifford, D. , & Hampl, J. 2009). A second and less study mechanism linking nativity of US immigrants to obesity risk is the interconnectedness of the fodder environment and migration dynamics in the sending country (Buttenheim et al. , 2012).This is particularly relevant in the case of obesity risk for Mexican-origin children in the US, given the large, circular migration flows between the two countries and the well-documented sustentation transition underway in Mexico (Popkin & Udry, 1998). This transition is characterized by a shift from unprocessed and low energy density diets to highly processed, energy dense foods. The transition is due in part to new food marketing strategies and a simultaneous falloff in animal(prenominal) activity that has accompanied urbanization and economic development in Mexico (Popkin &Udry, 1998).Mexicos nutrition transition has been notably rapid Mexico now has the second highest rates of adult obesity among OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries (after the US) (Rosas, 2011). A potential explanation for the increased obesity rates within the Mexican immigrants in the US is acculturative stress (Van snarf et al. , 2011). Mexican-origin immigrants, are often faced with discrimination based on race/ethnicity and immigrant status. This discrimination, in turn, leads to chronic stress and psycho-physiological stress responses, which are cognise to affect health over the long run .Thus, the process of integration into a society that views Mexican-origin immigrants as being of lower status than other social and racial/ethnic groups may itself result in chronic health problems, even if health behaviors remain constant over time and across immigrant generation. why would duration of time in the US and imm igrant generation affect obesity?The acculturation literature has emphasized the importance of dietary changes by duration in the US and across generation increased acculturation is hypothesized to lead to decreased consumption of healthy foods and increased consumption of processed high OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 5 MORE given up TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? fat/sugar foods.Gordon-Larsen et al. (2003) reported that first generation Mexican immigrant adolescents eat more rice, beans, fruit, and vegetables and less cheese and fast food than second generation Mexican-origin immigrants. Kaiser and colleagues (2007) say that acculturation seems to be a contributing factor for obesity amongst Mexican children.Acculturation can be defined as the process by which immigrants adopt the attitudes, values, customs, beliefs, and behaviors of a new culture. Two studies reported their findings on acculturation and potential impl ications on the nutritional status of Mexican American children. Kaiser and colleagues (2007) concluded that less acculturated mothers were more likely to provide alternate food choices when a child would not eat and use child-feeding strategies that may contribute to childhood overweight, such as bribes, threats, and punishment.Ariza, Chen, Binns, and Christoffel (2004) conducted a study to test their hypothesis that overweight was more prevalent in highly acculturated Mexican American children aged 5 to 6 years however, the results did not substantiate an association between overweight and acculturation in this existence. Duerksen and colleagues (2007) reported that increased levels of acculturation may lead to higher rates of overweight among Mexican American families if they were eating more meals at fast-food and buffet-style restaurants alternatively than selecting traditional, authentic Mexican restaurants.Studies indicated that less acculturated Mexican Americans consumed less fat, and more fiber, protein, vitamins A, C, E and B6, folate, calcium, potassium, and magnesium than their more acculturated counterparts (Rosas et al. 2011). Most research conducted across age groups and outcomes indicates that newly-arrived and less acculturated immigrants are healthier and live longer than natives. Unfortunately, this health advantage dissipates with duration of U. S. residence and does not extend to the next generation.In auxiliary to the square off of parents acculturation on childrens behaviors, children can accelerate the acculturation process for their families as well because children are more likely to have a consistent exposure to typical American foods at school and likely to affect purchasing decisions of their parents. One of the biggest changes in childrens diets after moving to the United States has been suggested to be with the foods children consume at school. It has been reported that although Mexican American children liked the tradition al ethnic foods they received at home, they preferred the American foods they were served at school (e.g. , pizza, hamburgers) (Rosas et al. 2011).Furthermore, there seemed to be a lack of awareness among children about the soundness of traditional Mexican foods (such as fruits, vegetables, and beans) or potential health risks of the typical American diet, which was perceived as pizza, hotdogs, hamburgers, and French fries. As children develop their own self and ethnic identities, they may seek separation from their parents and acceptance from their peers, and they may identify fast food and other less healthful food options with the United States culture.This can eventually lead to less healthful dietary patterns both for children and their families because children are likely to affect food-purchasing OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 6 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? decisions in their households (Rosas et al. 2011). When looking into the influence of acculturation on food intake behaviors among children and youths, another important element of the social environment must be addressed media exposure.Media exposure can have detrimental influences at both ends of the spectrum in terms of eating behaviors children may adopt an unrealistically thin body take care through exposure to popular culture, and unhealthy dieting practices or eating disorders may follow. Alternatively, they may increase their consumption of nutrient-poor, energy-dense foods that they are exposed to through advertisements, and this fiber of behavior may eventually lead to overweight status. at that place have been some initiatives to limit food marketing aiming at children, but nutritionally poor and energy dense foods (e.g. , high sugar cereals, candy, soft drinks, chips) console constitute the majority of the foods advertised on television (Kunkel et al. 2009). Several reports indicate that children choose advert ised foods at significantly higher rates and attempt to influence their parents to purchase these foods. Unfortunately, advertisement of the nutritionally inferior food choices is not limited to television only it is widespread through a variety of channels such as schools (vending machines, corporate sponsorship of school events and materials, etc. ), and online applications(e.g. , interactive games, sweepstakes, computer screensavers).Media exposure among children has been increasing over the past 10 years, and according to the 2009 estimates (Kunkel et al. 2009). American children spend about 7. 4 hours per day using or watching media such as television, computers, video games or movies. These estimates seem to be even higher among minorities) and individuals with lower socio frugal status( SES) (Sussner et al. 2009). Hispanic youths were reported to spend about 5. 5 hours per day watching television while this estimate was 3.5 hours per day for non-Hispanic whites in 2009. More over, screen time seems to increase with greater acculturation (Gordon-Larsen et al. 2003). The data from the 200304 National Survey of Childrens Health indicated that, in comparison to U. S. -born non-Hispanic white children with U. S. -born parents, foreign-born Hispanic children with immigrant parents were 31 percent more likely and U. S. -born Hispanic children with U. S. -born parents were 51 percent more likely to watch television.Although foreign-born Hispanics seem to be less likely to consume less healthful foods (Osypuk et al.2009), a reverse trend can be seen if these foods are more expensive in the country of origin but cheaper in the United States. For example, qualitative studies indicated that lower cost and increased availability were among the reasons for Mexican Americans to consume snacks, sweets, and fast food more in the United States . An earlier report pointed out that some foods, such as mayonnaise, margarine, and salad dressing were considered high-status it ems by many low-income families in Latin America (Romero-Gwynn et al. 1993).Similarly, Mexican adults living in Florida reported that in addition to fast food not being as readily available in their native country, it was more expensive than in the United States and therefore, they tended to eat fast food only for special occasions in their native OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 7 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? country. Once these types of foods become more readily available and affordable for the immigrants in the United States, an increase in the consumption levels would be expected.Lower costs, widespread availability, and the convenience of fast food in the United States appear to be an enticing solution especially for time-strapped immigrant families with children (Lindsay et al. 2009). Qualitative studies among immigrants suggest a more relaxed lifestyle in Mexico versus a very busy lifestyle in the Unite d States that leaves less time to cook or prepare foods. This type of lifestyle makes convenience foods very appealing, and it is likely to result in an increase in fast food consumption (Gray et al. 2005).In addition to the economic conditions related to the food environment, limited socioeconomic abilities of individuals also put immigrants at greater risk for unhealthy food intake patterns and entailing health issues. Higher rates of food insecurity and low SES among minorities and immigrants are likely to force individuals to purchase relatively cheaper and filling, but often nutrient-poor, energy-dense foods (Drewnowski and Darmon 2005). A binational study that was conducted in the United States and Mexico provided support for these eating patterns, and it also pointed out the country- or culture-specific variations in these associations.In the United States sample of this study, children with food insecurity were more likely to consume fat, saturated fat, sweets, and fried sna cks compared to their food secure counterparts. In Mexico, however, food insecure (versus food secure) children displayed a different food intake pattern that was characterized by higher intakes of carbohydrates, dairy, and vitamin B6 (Rosas et al. 2009). One of the least studied aspects of the relationship between socioeconomic factors and food intake is the residential context and demographic makeup of the neighborhoods.One of the few studies that examined this context in a loosely Hispanic (but mixed ethnic) sample suggested that greater density of immigrants in residential areas was positively related to fruit and vegetable intake after controlling for individual factors such as age, race/ethnicity, language, country of birth, and education (Dubowitz et al. 2008). Another study also reported that high-fat/processed food intake (fats, oils, processed meats, fried potatoes, engaging snacks, desserts) was lower in immigrant-dense neighborhoods even after controlling for SES, demo graphic factors, and acculturation (Rosas et al.2011).These results indicate beneficial dietary intake patterns for all residents (immigrant or not) residing in that area. more or less of the potential factors underlying these results could be resulting from socioeconomic advantages through greater social capital, availability of stores with healthier ethnic food options, and higher consumption of healthier food intake habits, social norms, and values in the ethnically dense neighborhoods (Dubowitz et al. 2008). OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 8 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS?Highly acculturated Hispanic adults were more likely to have higher BMIs than their less acculturated counterparts. Similarly, second or third generation Hispanic youths were reported to be more likely overweight than their first generation counterparts (Popkin and Udry 1998). For adults, the difference in the overweight status by accultur ation seems to be seen usually in a range of 10 to 21 years of residence in the United States, but interestingly, BMI differences were detectable by age two among less acculturated mothers children in a mostly Hispanic sample (Sussner et al. 2009).Some of the mechanisms underlying these findings could be the existence of cultural beliefs that associate overweight status among children with perception of good health (Sussner et al. 2009), failing to recognize overweight status, or acceptance of a larger body size as a desirable body image among Hispanics. Taken together, these cultural preferences can lead to obesity over time with the additional contribution of the typical environment in the United States that stimulates consumption of energy-dense foods and discourages physical activities.Certain food intake patterns (e. g., energy-dense foods) can lead to overweight or obese status as people acculturate. Although a factor analysis of across the country representative data from the NHANES 200102 did not indicate a specific dietary intake pattern in relationship to BMI or waist circumference (as measures of overall or central adiposity) among Mexican Americans (Carrera et al. 2007), it is possible that dietary intake might be related to obesity indirectly, or collectively with other lifestyle factors (e. g. , physical activity). It is also possible that the effects might be most pronounced at specific time periods during acculturation.Supporting this potential mechanism is the results from the National longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health indicating that increased probability of overweight, which was related to changes in lifestyle factors (i. e. , screen time, diet), was detectable among first generation Mexican adolescents but not among second (or more) generation participants (Gordon-Larsen et al. 2003). Although social economic status (SES) is also linked to obesity, this association seems to vary depending on the SES measures used and also by race or ethnicity.For example, in a nationally representative sample of children, both education and income were negatively related to BMI among non-Hispanic whites, but only income was positively related to BMI among Hispanics (Balistreri and Van Hook 2009). As suggested by the authors, increasing education level may be a reflection of changes in knowledge, learning abilities, social class, and personal skills while higher income among immigrants might be an indicator of greater purchasing capacity, which can result in less healthful eating patterns in the absence of adequate nutrition knowledge, skills, and a healthful food environment.SES also seems to have gender-specific and long-term consequences. Data from a nationally representative longitudinal survey among adolescents indicated that there was a hearty positive association between long-term (persistent) low SES and obesity among females. Among males, however, obesity rates were highest among those who had a socioeconomically disad vantaged beginning but gained autonomy, for example, home self-will later on. Most importantly, the report pointed out that the effect of SES on OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 9 MORE PRONE TO OBESITY THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS?obesity was probably initiated before adolescence (Scharoun-Lee et al. 2009).Conclusion The research has shown that second generation Mexican children are in fact more prone to obesity than their first generation counterparts. Causative factors such as media exposure, school lunch programs, socio-economic factors, and the influence of parents own acculturation into American society are all factors that can be addressed through various means with legislative, policy changes, and education. Then we can begin to affect positively the rising trend of obesity in second generation Mexican children in the United States.OBESITY AMONGST MEXICAN CHILDREN ARE FIRST GENERATION MEXICAN CHILDREN 10 MORE PRONE TO OBESIT Y THAN THEIR SECOND GENERATION COUNTERPARTS? 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Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Market Revolution

The worldwide presence of the United States of America in terms of a gigantic political sympathiesal and sparing power, as we see it today, is a result of the creative and relentless efforts of many a(prenominal) political geniuses. subsequently the War of Independence, the boorish was thrown in a state of depression and the late seventeenth century era marked a period of instability. The country had war debt of millions of dollars, negative speculation for foreign investment was inevitable, the army was negligible, the navy fleet was just about non-existent, relationship with England had severed and the Congress was unable to impose taxes until a proper law and order system was in place.Heavy adjustments to the political and stinting regulations were needed to drive the country out of the financial crisis. It were only through the relentless vision and efforts of horse parsley Hamilton, the First deposit of Treasury and Thomas Jefferson, the First Secretary of State, that a new political and economic ideal for the country was created and later, a stage was set for full casing development of the American society and economic egress to all parts of the world.Similar article Rise of Political Parties in the 1790sIn a revolutionary era marked by political battles and unrestricted discord, these symbolic figures standd different, yet talismanic views of the power of government and enterprise in shaping the political and economic orders of the country that has enabled the rulers of the future to legitimatize their decisions for sustainable development.2. THE FEDERALIST APPROACH ALEXANDER HAMILTONHamilton believed that the revival of the economy and subsequent growth depended on the creation of a strong central government that was increasingly proactive in the affairs of the country. He believed that a central, energetic government leave alone not only be able to supersede the powers of the individual states in order to provide national stability exact ly also provide a common framework for effective development and unionization of the big country. He denied the notion of self-interest, which he believed was prevalent in the political structure and destructive for the nation. His philosophy of centralizing the national economy was a product of his political stance.Hamilton believed that a structure of public credit facilities, immediate repayment of foreign debts and responsibility of states war debts, establishment of a new bank and protection of young industries were essential to promote problem and develop competitive industries. Public credit facilities were to be financed through issuing government securities like bonds which can be used to settle the internal debt and broad towards the industrial and manufacturing sector.The government should take over the responsibility of the debt incurred by the individual states during the war since the war was fought for the independence of the entire nation and A national debt attac hes many citizens to the government who, by their numbers, wealth, and influence, contri fur at that place more perhaps to its preservation than a body of soldiers (Finseth).A banking structure with diversified branches will help the national government to carry out its basic functions like collecting taxes, financing debt and issue payments, issuing currency and generating income through interest on loans. A structure of no-tax for interstate highway commerce and protective tariff on imports will protect and promote national competition and young firms. Through his notion of a strong economic plan for a mechanized society, Thomas Hamilton gained support of a number of Congressmen and formed a Federalist Party in 1792.3. THE REPUBLICAN APPROACH THOMAS JEFFERSONIn contrast to Hamiltons view of an orderly mercantile economy, Thomas Jefferson advocated an agrarian economy, based on individual rights and a limited, decentralized government. He feared that the system proposed by his cou nterpart threatened the majority of the population who were agrarian laborers and resembled the British economic system. This would result in an emergence of tyranny against such a centralized rule.Jefferson compound on a weak government structure because he believed that a proper government will not only restrict the liberty of individuals but also limit itself from creating individualism. He emphasized this concept in one of his political writings rightful liberty is unobstructed action according to our will within limits drawn around us by the equal rights of others.I do not add within the limits of the law, because law is often but the tyrants will, and always so when it violates the rights of the individual (Appleby). Thomas Jefferson reject Hamiltons proposal of setting up a national bank, fearing that such a bank would serve the rich at the expense of the poor people and emphasize federal powers over state powers. In response to the Federalist movement, Jefferson formed the republican Party in 1792 along with James Madison to oppose the policies of the Federalists.4.THE MARKET AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONThe influences set forth by the two politicians shaped the brass of the country and paved way for a rapid development of the economy from 1815 to 1860. In 1792, the king of France was overthrown and a republic was established. France attempted to extend its powers throughout atomic number 63 and Britain was trying to curtail it. This resulted in Napoleonic Wars, of which the United States was a major victim in terms of foreign relations.The victory of the Republican Party in 1800 resulted in the nomination of Thomas Jefferson as the third President of the United States. This event marked the first significant change in American politics. After the War of 1812, Jefferson realized that his vision of an agricultural market economy was incompetent with the competition in global markets. This led to the adoption of a policy of elaboration and competition for power in the global economy.The Industrial revolution had begun in the 1700s in Europe and was marked by new inventions and efficient methods of production. This revolution lot to the United States and local inventors came up with unique ideas to mechanize the agriculture sector and spur new industries. Cotton gin was a notable invention which revolutionized the like industry by creating new industries, promoting inter-commerce relations between the West and the East and trades. Manufacturing of shoes, woolen clothing and machinery were also expanding. By 1860, almost a third of the countrys income came from the manufacturing sector.The concept of agrarian labor was transformed to that of a wage worker who was paid to run the automated machines in the factories. Most of the urbanized industries were primed(p) in the South, whereas the agricultural sector was primarily located in the South. Government provided social capital in the form of national roads, waterways and railroads. These initiatives enabled the nation to establish a firm base for rapid industrialization that followed. Financial industry diffused with new scheme through which some investors made wealth and others lost their savings. tutelar tariffs were imposed to sustain the growing industries and bank branches were set up in every city. Rapid development also attracted a great deal of domestic and foreign investment.5. CONSEQUENCES OF THE TRANSFORMATIONThe market and Industrial revolution had several consequences, including religion and reform, for the American Society in the eighteenth century. In the north, Evangelicalism or individual holiness, emerged in the new republic and was the grand absorbing theme of American religious life ( faith and the American Republic 7).Progressive and conservative religious forces often differed in terms of religious opinions with the former advocating a mass dedication to the materialism of the market society. Reformism, as a result was an opposing view to that of the individual revivals. Nevertheless, the vestigial belief was that religion was a necessary spring for the government to operate efficiently and people believed in a close association between Religion and Patriotism (Religion and the American Republic 7).Societies and communities sprang up with a clear objective of devotion towards the removal of social evil and re-enlightenment of the individual soul as a result of the energy created from the evangelical movement. The six largest societies created during 1826-1827 were the American Education Society, the American Board of Foreign Missions, the American Bible Society, the American Sunday-School Union, the American Tract Society, and the American Home Missionary Society (Religion and the American Republic 7).WORKS CITED1. United States History, The Formation of a National Government, Retrieved on Mar 10, 2006 fromhttp//countrystudies.us/united-states/2. Finseth, Ian. The Rise and fall of Alexander Hamilton, Retrieved on Mar 10, 2006 fromhttp//xroads.virginia.edu/CAP/ham/hamilton.html3. Religion and the Founding of the American Republic, Retrieved on Mar 10, 2006 fromMarket whirlingThe Market Revolution AP U. S. History The feign of the Market Revolution was the dawn of new markets in land, labor and produce. It ultimately changed American society and reflected a turn away from agrarian ideals through dissimilar changes in business, merchant marine, and society. Overall, the Market Revolution impacted the nation through different regions the northeast became industrial, while the south relied on terra firma. The Northeast was booming in industrial growth from the Market Revolution.With the new textile mills, there were many jobs and the economy was on the rise. However, two of the biggest ways the Northeast was able to improve was with its improvements on transportation and various innovations. For example, in 1825 the Eerie Canal was created by Dewitt Clinton and set the stage for faster and easier transportation for goods and people. Also, with New York growing into one of the nations largest cities, there were various railroad networks that linked major cities. Lastly, the Northeast region was also improving with the creation of companies.For example, in 1813 Francis Cabot Lowell created the Boston Manufacturing company created the first large scale manufacturing cities in the United States of America (Lowell, Massachusetts). With this company, Lowell was also able to create 6,000 jobs by 1836. Because of these important improvements, the Market Revolution industrialized the Northeast and definitely set it away in comparison to the Southwest region. While the Northeast was improving vastly on industrialization, the South was concentrated on their growth of farming.Even though, the South lagged in the growth of industrialization and urbanization, they had just as fast growth in their economy. It was Eli Whitneys invention of the cotton plant gin that made slaves last longer and the production of cotton much faster. For example, cotton growth went from around 75,000 bales in 1800 to over 2 million bales in 1850 with the improvements on producing cotton. Because of the faster production of cotton, the South was able to export to Europe and the Northeast for an advantageous profit. Even though the South obviously had most of their growth due to cotton, they were still able to improve technologically wise.They did control factories and large ports and harbors. For example, the Mississippi transportation helped businesses export across the country with the advances of the steamboat. Thus, having a similar growth in transportation in comparison to the north. From 1815-1860, the Market Revolution was able to have growth in both the Northeast and the South regions and even though they had many differences, the regions were brought together with their booming economies. The large improvements in farming and industrialization were able to shape America into a powerful and wealthy country.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Effects of the Fur Trade on Native Societies Essay

Between the fifteenth and the nineteenth light speed the fur get by and slave trade connected the global commerce, and played a significant role in world history. Each of them transform the destiny of North the Statesn and African society. Politically, economically and culturally, North the Statesns were dying slowly in apparently more peaceful fur trade, and Africans were immediately hit by the wreaked havoc of slave trade. North Americas ostensible peace with the outside world could not avoid civil wars, as African batchs self-protection could not avoid European gory violent human plunder. In Africa, people were still live in a village community system with introverted self-governments. When colonists came, better-looking kingdoms fragmented because the increasing of trade and arms. In this way, there was not a large-scale revolt or uprising in autochthonal Africa. As a result, lesser societies suffered from frequent slave raiding.As retentive as their own village was safe, they passively watched as people in other villages were raided and sold. Benin was a genuine state in West Africa. In the 16th century the oba banned slave trade and comparatively avoided slave traders. They bought arms from Europeans to protect themselves, but never helped others. In consequence, the power of oba declined in the 18th century and they could not stop the slave trade any more (456-457). When armed aggressors burst in small villages, they could not even protect themselves like Benin, but just be pillaged in desperation. indispensable Americans maintained cooperative relationships with Europeans under the fur trade. It protected them from extinction and slavery like those in Africa. up to now native people noticed the benefit of the fur trade, and then the profit of trade intensified the disceptation among tribes. They began to demand guns to deal with other tribes and Europeans had gun. Therefore a circulation of furs and guns was formed, and the increasing of ar ms imports aggravated the political conflicts of native people.In other words, more trade, more warfare. Fur trade brought North America both new civilization and prolonged damage, yet the African economy was directly attacked by slave trade. North Americans traded furs with Europeans and authoritative foreign goods and benefits such as pots, guns and metals. Europeans finished products gave them modern technology and tools, and caused the self-sufficiency system to transform to bucolic villages. Hurons lived in North America in the early seventeenth century. They traded many beavers and received bullshit pots, metal axes, knives, cloth, firearms, and alcohol (447). It was a big step for North America, to become a modern and create society. Nevertheless, it was also the start of a long-term decline. By the 1760s, hunters in southern British colonies took about 500,000 deer every year (446). Hunters largely killed industrious animals, the amount of them sharply decreased.The fu r trade absorbed advertise supply, and restricted other developments. In reality, North America had been lagged behind chronically under the simple and certified economic system caused by fur trade. Unlike North America, Africa had been steadily developing for a objet dart in sixteenth century. The slave trade, was unprecedented havoc for native people and society. Just demographically, Africa lost millions of creation in the fifteenth through nineteenth century. The productivity was greatly broken. The economy stagnated, or even retrogressed without technology. both(prenominal) native North American and African people lost function of their ethos and native culture. North America was changed more by profit motive however Africa was forced by demographical transformation and authorities avarice. onward Europeans arrival, North Americans led a primitive lifestyle as a part of nature. They had laggard tools and technology but mastered natural environment. Their moral quality cou ld be confirmed by the origin of Thanksgiving holiday Native Indian helped European settlers tide over the hard time. Although they were economically backward, their spiritual civilization was wealthy. But after they began to trade with Europeans, they killed animals in quantity, overly reclaimed land, and broke their spirit of nature. The benefits of furs led people to trade for guns and fight other tribes. Many of them became alcoholics, spent a lot of property to buy rum and brandy. They used foreign products all the time, and forgot their traditional crafts. In Africa, Europeans raided and drove away people in different cultures, and exterminated many ancient civilizations.The Europeans trading living human without caring whether they lived or died, was a bloody humiliation in the history. The hard truth is that many native authorities united slave trading for their own interest. Dahomey was a highly authoritarian state in eighteenth century. They richly participated in slav e trade and helped Europeans capture a lot of native people (456-457). It was a negligible shame of African culture and entire human history, that the chiefs of states helped invaders do human trafficking. Both trades certainly ruined a part of native civilization, and changed a part of people. The politics, culture and economy of the native North Americans were stepwise negatively affected while trading with Europeans and Africans were rapidly devastated by large human raid. Once, struggling in the wheel of history, they grew and died.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Parents Are the Primary Cause of Disturbed and Disturbing Behaviour in Their Children Essay

P atomic number 18nts are the primary cause of wild and disturbing behavior in their pip-squeakren this essay will look at bear witness for and against this claim. It will start by explaining the meaning of the phrase disturbed and disturbing demeanor and because move on to explain the situation that conjure ups play in the cause of disturbed or disturbing behaviour within their tiddlerren. In the past theorists would have agreed with this phrase, having just evidence to support their theories. stock-still this is now considered by many to be a naive view of a childs development.The essay will look at three different lays, the medical beat, the favorable milieu model and the transactional model. It will conclude by flavor at the role of the child in the process and looking at whether there is conclusive evidence to support this claim. There is a large minority of children who encounter certain circumstances difficult to adjust to and because of this their behaviour is considered by others to be difficult, withdrawn, disturbed or level bizarre. Parents of these children may describe them as being substantial to manage, demanding, and battleful.People who work with these children for case teachers or health lot workers could consider them to have behavioural puzzles. The expression disturbed and disturbing behaviour is very unclear, it can have several meanings at one time. unrivaled suggestion could be that the child is the victim of incompetent or abusive fireing. Then a nonher suggestion is that the child is the cause of the enigma with behaviour that needs to be contained. What is meant by a problem? Childhood signs of psychological abnormality are, by and large, manifestations of behavioural, cognitive and emotional responses common to all children.Their quality of being dysfunctional lies in their inappropriate intensity, frequence and persistence (Herbert, 1991, p. 13). Children are said to present problems when their behaviour falls out of the post of tolerance and age-appropriateness. That range maybe more(prenominal) or less wide depending both on the context and the attitudes of those making such(prenominal) judgments. To put it bluntly, many children are only seen as having problems when they become a problem to others. So, whose problem is it? Where does the problem reside (Chapter, 2, p. 63)?Individuals have different perspectives of the problem. From the medical view the problem capability be set forth in terms of disorders which locates the problem unwaveringly within the child as part of their psychological make-up. The entree to treatment was to prescribe medication or psychotherapy. This model was very prevalent during the 40s and 50s which came under much criticism. Emotional and behavioural difficulties were not considered within the medical model. The social surround model was sustainmentful not to put labels like disturbed on to the child.As the medical model focuses the problem withi n the child the social environment model sees the problem as being exterior the child for example a poor home situation, incompetent or abusive parental bid or inadequate survey at school. Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation is a good illustration of this perspective, which was highly influential in the 1950s in the construction of post-war social policy on the functions of the family and especially the role of women, as mothers, in promoting childrens psychical health (Chapter, 2, p. 8).Referring to children and their behaviour there is a very common phrase used in everyday life I blame it on the parents. This spanned many generations believing that the explanation for childrens bad or disruptive behaviour lay firmly within the home environment and the quality of parenting. Believing this removed the attention from the child themselves and the role that they force play in their behaviour and it excessively removed the attention from society and its responsibility for the welfare of the child. intimately all-important(prenominal)ly, this belief is not just a feature of a particular ideology it has become a foundation stone for some psychological theories about the processes of typical and disturbed development (Chapter 2 Pg 69). Kessen (1979) alerts us to the fact that some ideologies masquerade as psychological knowledge, information which is extremely important when taking into deem inquiry links in the midst of mother and child relationships and the development of disturbed behaviour.Many studies have suggested that disturbed/disturbing behaviour in children can be tie in to difficulties in the relationships with their mothers, which may reflect the mothers mental states (Murray and Stein, 1991 Garver, 1997 Wakschlag and Hans, 1999 Halligan et al. , 2004). Maternal responsiveness is important to an infant as is a mothers mind-mindedness (the ability to know what is going on in their infants mind) but this sensitive response can be affected by different factors. One example would be postnatal depressive disorder.A study done by Murray (1992) found that 18-month- gray-haired infants whose mothers had suffered from postnatal depression were more likely to be assessed as insecurely attached in the strange situation. This was more prevalent in boys. Insecure attachment has been consistently linked with psychological difficulties (Greenberg et al. , 1993 Sund and Wichstrom, 2002). Murray also found that children of discourage mothers were more likely to have difficulties such as temper tantrums, eating problems, have trouble quiescency and be over clinging.This could suggest that infant temperament may also be causing problems. even so not all depressed mothers develop difficulties in their relationships with their offspring (Cox et al. , 1987). Although maternal depression is one nerve tract to behavioural difficulties there is another research has been carried out which traces the origins of antisocial behaviour to hars h and inconsistent discipline and ineffective parental control strategies which unwittingly reinforce the childs negative, coercive behaviour (chapter, 2, P. 73).In disturbed relationships the people involved not only behave towards each other but they also think about each other. They both have an internal working model of the relationship which message that the cognitive as well as the social and emotional dimensions of the relationship need to be interpreted into account. In an Australian large-scale longitudinal study they found that mothers who had negative attitudes towards their infants at 6 months old were more likely to field of study behaviour problems when their children were 5 years old, especially for boys (Bor et al. 2003).The fathers also have a role in care giving. A fathers child-rearing beliefs, working hours, personality and age predicted fathers care giving activities. Fathers were more likely to assume care giving responsibilities if they had more positive per sonalities and were younger. They also faux more care giving responsibilities when they contributed lower proportions of family income and were employed for fewer hours. Also marital intimacy predicted fathers care giving activities with fathers more involved when mothers reported more imitate marriages (Research summary 3, chapter, 2, p. 6).Much of the research which has explored fathers roles in shaping childrens behaviour has focused on the relationship between antisocial behaviour in fathers and childrens development. There is now strong evidence that there is a significant relationship between the two (Deklyen et al. 1998 Margolin and Gordis, 2000 Jaffee et al. 2003). Absence or low inter-group communication of the father has been shown to be associated with poor outcomes for children (Scott, 1998 Carlson and Corcoran, 2001).Research shows that a fathers involvement at age 7 protected against psychological maladjustment in adolescents from cut off families. For boys, early father involvement protected against later delinquency as measured by the childs history of trouble with the police (Flouri and Buchanan, 2002) and for girls, father involvement at aged 16 protected against subsequent psychological detriment (Flouri and Buchanan, 2003). Many studies have focused only on the amount of father involvement, neglecting the quality of the relationship (Research summary 4 pg 77).Although it is important to acknowledge the role of the parents involvement in their childrens adjustment we need to recognise that the child also has a role in the process. Attitudes about some agencys of parenting as being the cause of atypical child behaviour, reflects a social environment perception seeing the child as a passive victim of circumstances. Traditional questioning of the effect of environmental variables on childrens development and adjustment has been challenged through various researches.In a report from a study carried out by Sears et al. they offered a socia l environment interpretation, arguing that it was the combination of parents permissiveness and punitiveness that caused their children to become aggressive. A highly permissive style means that children do not have clear guidance on appropriate behaviour, where as a highly punitive style means that, at the same time, they may have been frustrated by bouts of severe punishment (chapter, 2, p. 79). chime (1968) argued persuasively for changing the direction of effect.He maintained that it was the childs temperamental characteristics that determined how aggressive he or she was and that it is the parental disciplinary approach that attempts to adapt the childs behaviour. Johnston et al. s research illustrates the dangers of presuming particular directions of causality. It would be wrong to assume that environmental risk factors would be in some backbone causing childrens problems. There could be some circumstances where the characteristics of the child could add to family stress, ch anging parental attitudes and influencing maternal behaviour.The relative influence of parenting behaviour versus child behaviour will vary, according to the characteristics of the child and of the parent and the circumstances affecting both (chapter, 2, p. 80). It is clear that children can have both direct and indirect influences on their environment. Children and environments can also share transactional relationships. Consider a child who is easily disoblige and also hard to soothe, the so called difficult temperament.Such a child with a parent who has a good social support network an a well-provided home and is relatively easily able to contain the childs distress and minimise upsetting experiences, may end up experiencing only brief and infrequent periods of upset and evoking a lot of supportive, sensitive care giving from the environment. The same child, however, might evoke a very different kind of care giving in a more stressed kinsfolk with a parent who is less able to b ehave sensitively and protectively and reacts to the childs distress in overly emotional ways.Thus environments can differ in their reactivity to childrens behaviour (Method and Skills Handbook pg 41). Chess and Thomson introduced the concept of goodness of fit to describe the transactional relationship between child and environment. As they state, goodness-of-fit results when the childs capacities, motivations and temperament are adequate to master the demands, expectations and opportunities of the environment (Chess and Thomas, 1984, p. 80). Looking at the evidence presented above it is inconclusive that parents are the primary cause of disturbed and disturbing behaviour in their children it is important to reaffirm that there are multiple pathways to disturbed behaviour and that maternal and paternal behaviour conciliate just two among a constellation of social context, family and parental risk factors that have been found to be associated with childhood difficulties (chapter, 2 , p. 77).The evidence presented by Murray and Stein, 1991 Garver, 1997 Wakschlag and Hans, 1999 Halligan et al. , 2004 stating that disturbed/disturbing behaviour in children can be related to difficulties in the relationships with their mothers, is refuted by Cox et al. saying, not all depressed mothers develop difficulties in their relationships with their offspring. The issue is not about whether the direction of effect runs from child to mother or from mother to child it is about their shared influence as partners in a relationship.Children as well as parents play an active role in the process of development (chapter, 2, p. 80). In summary any particular problems that a child might present need to be understood in terms of the demands of the context, the history of similar experiences faced by the child and the history of the adult who finds the childs behaviour disturbing (chapter, 2, p. 64).